[ClusterLabs] Antw: Re: 2-Node Cluster Pointless?

[Digimer]

On 18/04/17 10:00 AM, Digimer wrote:
> On 18/04/17 03:47 AM, Ulrich Windl wrote:
>>>>> Digimer <lists at alteeve.ca> schrieb am 16.04.2017 um 20:17 in Nachricht
>> <12cde13f-8bad-a2f1-6834-960ff3afce6c at alteeve.ca>:
>>> On 16/04/17 01:53 PM, Eric Robinson wrote:
>>>> I was reading in "Clusters from Scratch" where Beekhof states, "Some would
>>
>>> argue that two-node clusters are always pointless, but that is an argument 
>>> for another time." Is there a page or thread where this argument has been 
>>> fleshed out? Most of my dozen clusters are 2 nodes. I hate to think they're
>>
>>> pointless.  
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> Eric Robinson
>>>
>>> There is a belief that you can't build a reliable cluster without
>>> quorum. I am of the mind that you *can* build a very reliable 2-node
>>> cluster. In fact, every cluster our company has deployed, going back
>>> over five years, has been 2-node and have had exception uptimes.
>>>
>>> The confusion comes from the belief that quorum is required and stonith
>>> is option. The reality is the opposite. I'll come back to this in a minute.
>>>
>>> In a two-node cluster, you have two concerns;
>>>
>>> 1. If communication between the nodes fail, but both nodes are alive,
>>> how do you avoid a split brain?
>>
>> By killing one of the two parties.
>>
>>>
>>> 2. If you have a two node cluster and enable cluster startup on boot,
>>> how do you avoid a fence loop?
>>
>> I think the problem in the question is using "you" instead of "it" ;-)
>> Pacemaker assumes all problems that cause STONITH will be solved by STONITH.
>> That's not always true (e.g. configuration errors). Maybe a node's failcount
>> should not be reset if the node was fenced.
>> So you'll avoid a fencing loop, but might end in a state where no resources
>> are running. IMHO I'd prefer that over a fencing loop.
>>
>>>
>>> Many answer #1 by saying "you need a quorum node to break the tie". In
>>> some cases, this works, but only when all nodes are behaving in a
>>> predictable manner.
>>
>> All software relies on the fact that it behaves in a predictable manner, BTW.
>> The problem is not "the predictable manner for all nodes", but the predictable
>> manner for the cluster.
>>
>>>
>>> Many answer #2 by saying "well, with three nodes, if a node boots and
>>> can't talk to either other node, it is inquorate and won't do anything".
>>
>> "wan't do anything" is also wrong: I must go offline without killing others,
>> preferrably.
>>
>>> This is a valid mechanism, but it is not the only one.
>>>
>>> So let me answer these from a 2-node perspective;
>>>
>>> 1. You use stonith and the faster node lives, the slower node dies. From
>>
>> Isn't there a possibility that both nodes shoot each other? Is there a
>> guarantee that there will always be one faster node?
>>
>>> the moment of comms failure, the cluster blocks (needed with quorum,
>>> too) and doesn't restore operation until the (slower) peer is in a known
>>> state; Off. You can bias this by setting a fence delay against your
>>> preferred node. So say node 1 is the node that normally hosts your
>>> services, then you add 'delay="15"' to node 1's fence method. This tells
>>> node 2 to wait 15 seconds before fencing node 1. If both nodes are
>>> alive, node 2 will be fenced before the timer expires.
>>
>> Can only the DC issue fencing?
>>
>>>
>>> 2. In Corosync v2+, there is a 'wait_for_all' option that tells a node
>>> to not do anything until it is able to talk to the peer node. So in the
>>> case of a fence after a comms break, the node that reboots will come up,
>>> fail to reach the survivor node and do nothing more. Perfect.
>>
>> Does "do nothing more" mean continuously polling for other nodes?
>>
>>>
>>> Now let me come back to quorum vs. stonith;
>>>
>>> Said simply; Quorum is a tool for when everything is working. Fencing is
>>> a tool for when things go wrong.
>>
>> I'd say: Quorum is the tool to decide who'll be alive and who's going to die,
>> and STONITH is the tool to make nodes die. If everything is working you need
>> neither quorum nor STONITH.
>>
>>>
>>> Lets assume that your cluster is working find, then for whatever reason,
>>> node 1 hangs hard. At the time of the freeze, it was hosting a virtual
>>> IP and an NFS service. Node 2 declares node 1 lost after a period of
>>> time and decides it needs to take over;
>>
>> In case node 1 is DC, isn't a selection for a new DC coming first, and the new
>> DC doing the STONITH?
>>
>>
>>>
>>> In the 3-node scenario, without stonith, node 2 reforms a cluster with
>>> node 3 (quorum node), decides that it is quorate, starts its NFS server
>>> and takes over the virtual IP. So far, so good... Until node 1 comes out
>>
>> Again if node 1 was DC, it's not that simple.
>>
>>> of its hang. At that moment, node 1 has no idea time has passed. It has
>>
>> You assume no fencing was done...
>>
>>> no reason to think "am I still quorate? Are my locks still valid?" It
>>> just finishes whatever it was in the middle of doing and bam,
>>> split-brain. At the least, you have two nodes claiming the same IP at
>>> the same time. At worse, you had uncoordinated writes to shared storage
>>> and you've corrupted your data.
>>
>> But that's no cluster; that's a mess ;-)
>>
>>>
>>> In the 2-node scenario, with stonith, node 2 is always quorate, so after
>>> declaring node 1 lost, it moves to fence node 1. Once node 1 is fenced,
>>> *then* it starts NFS, takes over the virtual IP and restores services.
>>
>> So you compare "2 nodes + fencing" to "3 nodes without fencing"?
>>
>>> In this case, no split-brain is possible because node 1 has rebooted and
>>> comes up with a fresh state (or it's on fire and never coming back anyway).
>>>
>>> This is why quorum is optional and stonith/fencing is not.
>>
>> You did not convince me how only one node has the ability to fence the other
>> without a quorum: Wouldn't both nodes shoot at each other? (I quoted this so
>> many times, but once again: In HP-UX Service Guard, a lock disk was used as a
>> tie-breaker: Only one node suceeded to get the lock, and the other committed
>> suicide (via kernel watchdog timeout)).
>>
>>>
>>> Now, with this said, I won't say that 3+ node clusters are bad. They're
>>> fine if they suit your use-case, but even with 3+ nodes you still must
>>> use stonith.
>>>
>>> My *personal* arguments in favour of 2-node clusters over 3+ nodes is this;
>>
>> Again: You compare "2 nodes with fencing" to "3 nodes without fencing". My
>> personal vote would be "3 nodes with fencing" if there is enough work for two
>> nodes.
>>
>>>
>>> A cluster is not beautiful when there is nothing left to add. It is
>>> beautiful when there is nothing left to take away.
>>>
>>> In availability clustering, nothing should ever be more important than
>>> availability, and availability is a product of simplicity. So in my
>>> view, a 3-node cluster adds complexity that is avoidable, and so is
>>> sub-optimal.
>>
>> IMHO: a valid cluster software works starting at 1 node, then per induction
>> also for n+1 nodes. Complexity should grow only linear with the number of
>> nodes. Of course you shouldn't add nodes just for the number of nodes, but for
>> the actual need.
>>
>> Regards,
>> Ulrich
> 
> I was addressing the misconception that fencing was optional and quorum
> was not. I wrote a longer reply as an article to follow up on this down
> the thread.

As an addendum; I will say, with clarity, that *all* clusters need
stonith, period. 3+ node without stonith is still a disaster waiting to
happen.

-- 
Digimer
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